45. There's No Crying in Baseball, But There Are Lesbians! Queer History of the AAGPBL

/

An episode Leigh has been dreaming of since the start of the pod is finally here! In this ep, Leigh is joined by guest host Frankie de la Cretaz, sports journalist, queer history buff, and certified Gaylor Swiftie, to discuss the queer history of women’s baseball & softball, in particular the story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, aka the inspiration behind A League of Their Own! We discuss all the extreme “no-homo”ing that was happening in the League’s rules and regulations, and all the YES HOMO-ing that happened in spite of it, making the sport into an important site of queer community.

Frankie de la Cretaz (they/them) is a writer whose work focuses on the intersection of sports and gender. They are the co-author of HAIL MARY: The Rise and Fall of the National Women’s Football League and their work has been featured in the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, The Atlantic, and more.

Locate Frankie upon the internet:

The Beginnings: Women & Softball

Softball started as a way to play baseball indoors during cold winters, and women were there from the very beginning. Check out this photo of the first-known organized women’s baseball team, the Vassar College Resolutes, in 1876. Those outfits!

The Leagues: The AAGPBL

Prompted by the shortages of men in professional baseball due to World War II, chewing-gum magnate and owner of the Chicago Cubs, Phillip K. Wrigley, started recruiting women for his new All American Girls’ Softball League (which would change its name to the All American Girls’ Professional Baseball League) in 1943.

Phillip K. Wrigley

The original logo for the AAGPBL, when it was still the All-American Girls Softball league

1945 flier for aagpbl GAME

The first players signed to the AAGSL in 1943: Clara Shillace, Ann Harnett, Edie Perlick, and Shirley Jameson

The league’s regulations about makeup, grooming, and dress were extremely strict and feminized, to dispel associations of the league with lesbians.

Racine Bells vs. South Bend Blue Sox, September 14, 1947

AAGPBL doing calistenics in Opa-Locka, Florida, 1948

Dorothy Harrell, shortstop for the Chicago Colleens, in an amazing catch from a 1948 game

The Leagues: NGBL

Inspired by the success of the recruiting efforts of the AAGPBL, Forest Park roofing company owner Emery Parichy, who also owned the Chicago Cardinals football team, started the National Girls Baseball League, a professional underhand fast-pitch softball league based out of Chicago, that ended up being the primary rival league for the AAGPBL.

Where the All-American focused on femininity and image, the NGBL focused more on the sport. They allowed the players to compete in shorts, didn’t have makeup and charm school requirements, and was integrated.

Emery Parichy, the founder and owner of the national girls’ baseball league (NGBL)

The NGBL and AAGPBL were in constant rivalry for players and poached from each other enough that an official peace agreement had to be drawn up

Parichy’s Bloomer Girls in 1946

Pink Poirok and Ricki Caito

Lois Roberts, the famously barefoot outfielder for the Ngbl!

Nancy Ito, NGBL’s first Japanese american player in the ngbl, played shortstop for the bloomer girls in 1953.

Betty Chapman, the first Black woman to play professional softball. She was an outfielder for the admiral music maids, 1951

Gwen Wong, the NGBL’s first chinese-american player, a left-handed rookie pitcher from san francisco for the bloomer girls.

Their Turn at Bat: The Story of the National Girls Baseball League is a documentary project in the making by filmmaker Adam Chu, the premiere expert on the NGBL! Please visit his website to support the efforts to make the film and check out all the amazing memorabilia for the NGBL he has, and thank you to Adam for letting us use these photos and introducing our listeners to the NGBL!

Queer Ball Players of Note

Take a look at some of the ball players we mentioned in the episode who were/are queer!

Maybelle Blair

Born January 16, 1927 in Inglewood, CA, and was a pitcher for the Peoria Redwings in the AAGPBL. She then went on to play for the Cardinals in Emery Parichy’s NGBL, and then the Jax Softball Club of New Orleans, LA.

She came out at the age of 95 during the press tour for the new A League of Their Own series, which she consulted on, and is now living her best gay life!

JoJo D’Angelo

November 23, 1924 – August 18, 2013. Born in Chicago, IL, and played outfield for 2 seasons with the South Bend Blue Sox in the AAGPBL. She set an all-time record for fewest strikeouts in a season, until she was fired from the league for a “butchy” haircut. She went on to become a PE teacher and a hero of the Chicago public school system for 34 years.

Her obituary mentioned that she identified as a lesbian since she was a teenager.

JoJo D’Angelo, outfield for SOuth Bend Blue Sox

Mildred “Millie” Deegan

December 11, 1919 - July 21, 2002. Born in Brooklyn, NY, and ended up playing 10 seasons with the AAGPBL, as a Rockford Peach, Kenosha Comet, and a Fort Wayne Daisy, and was known as The Babe Ruth of Women’s Softball.

Her obituary mentioned her partner, Margaret Nusse, as her companion and survivor.

Babe Ruth feeling Millie Deegan’s bicep during an exhibition game, 1938. (Photo: The Diamond Angle, via Archive Today)

Millie and Margaret’s funeral plaque

Terry Donahue & Pat Henschel

Terry Donahue, August 22, 1945 - March 14, 2019, born in Saskatchewan, Canada. Played as catcher for the Peoria Redwings in the AAGPBL from 1946-1949, before playing for the Admiral Music Maids in the National Girls Baseball League in 1950.

She met her partner, Pat Henschel, during an off season from the AAGPBL at a hockey game, and they fell in love quickly. They kept their relationship secret from family until they were in their eighties, and a documentary A Secret Love was made about their relationship. They got married in 2015 at their assisted living facility.

Terry passed in 2019, and Pat Henschel is still living in the assisted living facility. Their legacy was cemented with a pair of bobbleheads, showcasing their sports prowess!

 

Dot Wilkinson

Born October 9, 1921 in Phoenix, AZ — we noted in the episode that she was still alive at the age of 101, but unfortunately she passed a few days after we recorded our episode.

One of the greatest women’s softball players of all time — Wilkinson was offered a contract with the AAGPBL and turned it down, put off by the homophobic rules and she was attached to her softball team, The Phoenix Ramblers, which she had been playing for since she was a bat girl at the age of 11.

She and her partner, Estelle “Ricki” Caito, met as rival softball players who then became friends and then began dating, in a REAL LIFE ENEMIES-TO-LOVERS trope!!

Dot WIlkinson, perhaps the best women’s softball player of all time. Played for the Phoenix Ramblers for 32 years.

Ricki Caito, second baseman for the Bloomer Girls of the NGBL. She also played softball for the California Orange Lionettes, opposite Dot WIlkinson’s Ramblers

Lorraine Hurdle

February 16, 1922 - January 2014. Hurdle never played for a professional league, but she played softball and baseball when she was part of the Women’s Army Corp, serving in WWII. She joined the military in 1944, moved to California in the 1960s, and had a successful tax advising business with a large group of Black and queer friends. She apparently frequently had crushes on femmes, including a school bus driver named Miss Ruby who called Hurdle “Daddy”. She was a classic old-school butch who liked cars, sports, and gambling.

Hurdle playing pool in her women’s army corps uniform. Lorraine Hurdle papers. Collection Number: 2018-12. GLBT Historical Society

Lorraine Hurdle and Baseball Team. Lorraine Hurdle papers. Collection Number: 2018-12. GLBT Historical Society

If you want to learn more, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Online Articles & Resources:

Books and Print Articles:

  • Pierman, Carol J. “Baseball, Conduct, and True Womanhood”. Women’s Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1/2, Women and Sports (Spring-Summer 2005), pp. 68-85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40005502

  • Cahn, Susan K. “From the ‘Muscle Moll’ to the ‘Butch’ Ballplayer: Mannishness, Lesbianism, and Homophobia in U.S. Women’s Sport.” Feminist Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 343–68. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3178373.  

  • Adams, Natalie, et al. “Tomboys, Dykes, and Girly Girls: Interrogating the Subjectivities of Adolescent Female Athletes.” Women’s Studies Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 1/2, 2005, pp. 17–34. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40005499.

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!

44. Can We Just Title An Episode "Fuck Colonialism"?: Reclaiming Two-Spirit Histories

/

For this episode, Leigh is joined by Sam Campbell to discuss the history behind Two Spirit identities. In this episode, they cover the pre-colonial significance of Two-Spirit people to Indigenous communities, how early colonists were able to shape the narrative of what it meant to be Two-Spirit and how that has changed, and last, how colonization has nearly eradicated Two-Spirit histories. How can we uplift these stories to highlight Two-Spirit resilience despite the genocide they faced?

Sam Campbell is a Diné and Yome Two-Spirit individual who has dedicated their time to supporting LGBT2s+ groups. As a board member and former drum keeper for the Bay Area American Indian Two-Spirits (BAAITS), they have helped facilitate community connection and healing. As a two-time TEDx speaker, Sam has worked to highlight the complexity of gender and sexuality as well as bring awareness to the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls movement.

Locate Sam upon the internet:

Sam has also given two TEDx Talks on Indigenous and Two-Spirit history and reclamation:


Firstly, let’s define what we mean by “Two-Spirit”— below is a fantastic video from them.us, featuring Geo Soctomah Neptune (Passamaquoddy), a Two-Spirit activist, model, basket maker, and politician, whom we mentioned in our episode:

Some Historical Images/Illustrations of Two-Spirits:

“Employments of the hermaphrodites”, watercolor by jacques le moyne and then engraving by theodore de bry, 1591. The image depicts Timucuan two-spirt people carrying wounded peopleand the dead on stretchers, showing their roles as caretakers, medicine people, and death workers.

“Dance to the berdash”, 1835-1837, by george catlin. depicting multiple men dancing around a two-spirit person among the sauk and fox

cheyenne he’emane’o in a ledger drawing depicting the victory dance held after Custer's defeat in 1876

Cheyenne hetaneman, 1889. An AFAB two-spirit person in battle, wearing a men’s breechcloth, depicted on a ledger drawing.

a unknown quechan kwe’rhame, c. 1890s — one of the only known photographs of an afab two-spirit person from this era, wearing a men’s breechcloth and bow guards on their wrists.

Some notable Two-Spirit individuals in the historic record, whom we’ll be covering in their own episodes!

Bíawacheeitchish, also kown as Woman Chief or “Pine Leaf”, a Crow warrior

Hosteen Klah (Diné: Hastiin Tłʼa), a Diné nádleehi artist and medicine person

Lozen (1840-1889), Chiricahua Apache warrior woman, prophet, and one of the most trusted member’s of geronimo’s band fighting against colonizers

Osh-Tisch (also spelled Ohchiish), a Crow badé

We’Wha (1849-1896), a Zuni lhamana, fibert artist, weaver, and potter who became a cultural ambassador for the Zuni people and indigenous americans in general

What happened to these histories: The Effects of Colonialism

As soon as European invaders arrived, the oppression of Native peoples in the Americas begun, and violence and anti-indigenous treatment generally went one of two ways — violence and genocide or assimilation.

One of the most infamous events of genocide and hatred against Indigenous Two-Spirit peoples was in 1513, when Spanish colonizer Vasco Nuñez de Balboa had forty two-spirit people that he encountered in Panama put to death by his dogs. The event was depicted in an engraving based on a painting published by Theodore de Bry.

We are choosing not to show this image here, so as not to retraumatize Indigenous folks who may visit this site, but can be viewed by clicking this link if you so choose.

One of the other ways settler colonialism enacted violence upon Indigenous peoples was to work through assimilation and erasure and restriction of their culture — namely through institutions called “residential schools” or “boarding schools”, though they are better described as assimilation camps.

The children in these institutions were subjected to countless types of abuse, from physical, sexual, emotional, to religious. They were given new Anglo-Saxon names, forced to wear western dress and their traditional clothing destroyed, forbidden from speaking their languages or practicing Indigenous customs, and their hair was cut.

Indigenous children at the Carlisle Indian School, an assimilation camp (“Residential/boarding school”), founded in 1879 with the goal of separating children from their families and “killing the indian to save the man”.

A Diné (Navajo Nation) student of carlisle Indian Boarding School in the 1880s, in a “before and after” sequence. The student file lists him as Tom Torlino— his Diné name was Hastiin To'Haali.

Two-Spirit Artists, Activists, and Influences to Follow Today:

Geo Soctomah Neptune (Passamaquoddy), she/they, is a master basket weaver, performer, and model. She became the first openly Two-Spirit person elected to public office in Maine during 2020!

Kairyn Potts (Nakota Sioux), he/him, is a Winkte Two-Spirit Indigenous youth advocate, comedian, and actor. He hosts a Snapchat video series on Indigenous youth culture with Marika Sila called Reclaim(ed). He also has some really hilarious comedy videos on his Instagram and TikTok you should definitely check out.

View this profile on Instagram

Kairyn Potts (@ohkairyn) • Instagram photos and videos

Anachnid (Oji-Cree/Mi’kmaq), she/her, is a Canadian electronic musician based in Montreal and won the Felix Award for Indigenous Artist of the Year at the 43rd Félix Awards in 2021. Her album, Dreamweaver, was released in February 2020

(Note: We mispronounced this artist’s name as Arachnid in the episode, our apologies!)

Bobby Sanchez (Quechua Wari), she/they, is a rapper, poet, and model. Check out her amazing track “Quechua 101 Land Back Please”:

Recommended reading for Two-Spirit poetry and literature:

Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature

Red book cover art for "Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature, depicting an Indigenous woman with a camera

BAAITS Two-Spirit Powwow 2023

The Bay Area American Indian Two Spirits Powwow is coming up on Saturday, February 4 in San Francisco! If you are local to the area, or even just want to check it out virtually via the livestream or some of the events they have going on in the week preceding the event, check it out at www.baaits.org!

If you want to learn more, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Online Articles & Resources:

Books and Print Articles:

  • Fulton, Robert, and Steven W. Anderson. “The Amerindian ‘Man-Woman’: Gender, Liminality, and Cultural Continuity.” Current Anthropology 33, no. 5 (1992): 603–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2743927.

  • Parsons, Elsie Clews. “The Zuñi Ła’mana.” American Anthropologist 18, no. 4 (1916): 521–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/660121.

  • Smithers, Gregory D. “Cherokee ‘Two Spirits’: Gender, Ritual, and Spirituality in the Native South.” Early American Studies 12, no. 3 (2014): 626–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24474873.

  • Dozono, Tadashi. “Teaching Alternative and Indigenous Gender Systems in World History: A Queer Approach.” The History Teacher 50, no. 3 (2017): 425–47. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44507259.

  • Katz, Jonathan Ned. “Native Americans/Gay Americans 1528-1976”, Gay American History: Lesbians & Gay Men in the U.S.A.

  • Kit Heyam. “‘Because of the manifestation of Spirit’: Gender, spirituality and survival in North America and South Asia”, Before We Were Trans

  • Roscoe, Will. Changing Ones: Third & Fourth Genders in Native North America

  • Williams, Walter L. The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture

  • Roscoe, Will (editor). Living the Spirit: A Gay American Indian Anthology

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!