45. There's No Crying in Baseball, But There Are Lesbians! Queer History of the AAGPBL

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An episode Leigh has been dreaming of since the start of the pod is finally here! In this ep, Leigh is joined by guest host Frankie de la Cretaz, sports journalist, queer history buff, and certified Gaylor Swiftie, to discuss the queer history of women’s baseball & softball, in particular the story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, aka the inspiration behind A League of Their Own! We discuss all the extreme “no-homo”ing that was happening in the League’s rules and regulations, and all the YES HOMO-ing that happened in spite of it, making the sport into an important site of queer community.

Frankie de la Cretaz (they/them) is a writer whose work focuses on the intersection of sports and gender. They are the co-author of HAIL MARY: The Rise and Fall of the National Women’s Football League and their work has been featured in the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, The Atlantic, and more.

Locate Frankie upon the internet:

The Beginnings: Women & Softball

Softball started as a way to play baseball indoors during cold winters, and women were there from the very beginning. Check out this photo of the first-known organized women’s baseball team, the Vassar College Resolutes, in 1876. Those outfits!

The Leagues: The AAGPBL

Prompted by the shortages of men in professional baseball due to World War II, chewing-gum magnate and owner of the Chicago Cubs, Phillip K. Wrigley, started recruiting women for his new All American Girls’ Softball League (which would change its name to the All American Girls’ Professional Baseball League) in 1943.

Phillip K. Wrigley

The original logo for the AAGPBL, when it was still the All-American Girls Softball league

1945 flier for aagpbl GAME

The first players signed to the AAGSL in 1943: Clara Shillace, Ann Harnett, Edie Perlick, and Shirley Jameson

The league’s regulations about makeup, grooming, and dress were extremely strict and feminized, to dispel associations of the league with lesbians.

Racine Bells vs. South Bend Blue Sox, September 14, 1947

AAGPBL doing calistenics in Opa-Locka, Florida, 1948

Dorothy Harrell, shortstop for the Chicago Colleens, in an amazing catch from a 1948 game

The Leagues: NGBL

Inspired by the success of the recruiting efforts of the AAGPBL, Forest Park roofing company owner Emery Parichy, who also owned the Chicago Cardinals football team, started the National Girls Baseball League, a professional underhand fast-pitch softball league based out of Chicago, that ended up being the primary rival league for the AAGPBL.

Where the All-American focused on femininity and image, the NGBL focused more on the sport. They allowed the players to compete in shorts, didn’t have makeup and charm school requirements, and was integrated.

Emery Parichy, the founder and owner of the national girls’ baseball league (NGBL)

The NGBL and AAGPBL were in constant rivalry for players and poached from each other enough that an official peace agreement had to be drawn up

Parichy’s Bloomer Girls in 1946

Pink Poirok and Ricki Caito

Lois Roberts, the famously barefoot outfielder for the Ngbl!

Nancy Ito, NGBL’s first Japanese american player in the ngbl, played shortstop for the bloomer girls in 1953.

Betty Chapman, the first Black woman to play professional softball. She was an outfielder for the admiral music maids, 1951

Gwen Wong, the NGBL’s first chinese-american player, a left-handed rookie pitcher from san francisco for the bloomer girls.

Their Turn at Bat: The Story of the National Girls Baseball League is a documentary project in the making by filmmaker Adam Chu, the premiere expert on the NGBL! Please visit his website to support the efforts to make the film and check out all the amazing memorabilia for the NGBL he has, and thank you to Adam for letting us use these photos and introducing our listeners to the NGBL!

Queer Ball Players of Note

Take a look at some of the ball players we mentioned in the episode who were/are queer!

Maybelle Blair

Born January 16, 1927 in Inglewood, CA, and was a pitcher for the Peoria Redwings in the AAGPBL. She then went on to play for the Cardinals in Emery Parichy’s NGBL, and then the Jax Softball Club of New Orleans, LA.

She came out at the age of 95 during the press tour for the new A League of Their Own series, which she consulted on, and is now living her best gay life!

JoJo D’Angelo

November 23, 1924 – August 18, 2013. Born in Chicago, IL, and played outfield for 2 seasons with the South Bend Blue Sox in the AAGPBL. She set an all-time record for fewest strikeouts in a season, until she was fired from the league for a “butchy” haircut. She went on to become a PE teacher and a hero of the Chicago public school system for 34 years.

Her obituary mentioned that she identified as a lesbian since she was a teenager.

JoJo D’Angelo, outfield for SOuth Bend Blue Sox

Mildred “Millie” Deegan

December 11, 1919 - July 21, 2002. Born in Brooklyn, NY, and ended up playing 10 seasons with the AAGPBL, as a Rockford Peach, Kenosha Comet, and a Fort Wayne Daisy, and was known as The Babe Ruth of Women’s Softball.

Her obituary mentioned her partner, Margaret Nusse, as her companion and survivor.

Babe Ruth feeling Millie Deegan’s bicep during an exhibition game, 1938. (Photo: The Diamond Angle, via Archive Today)

Millie and Margaret’s funeral plaque

Terry Donahue & Pat Henschel

Terry Donahue, August 22, 1945 - March 14, 2019, born in Saskatchewan, Canada. Played as catcher for the Peoria Redwings in the AAGPBL from 1946-1949, before playing for the Admiral Music Maids in the National Girls Baseball League in 1950.

She met her partner, Pat Henschel, during an off season from the AAGPBL at a hockey game, and they fell in love quickly. They kept their relationship secret from family until they were in their eighties, and a documentary A Secret Love was made about their relationship. They got married in 2015 at their assisted living facility.

Terry passed in 2019, and Pat Henschel is still living in the assisted living facility. Their legacy was cemented with a pair of bobbleheads, showcasing their sports prowess!

 

Dot Wilkinson

Born October 9, 1921 in Phoenix, AZ — we noted in the episode that she was still alive at the age of 101, but unfortunately she passed a few days after we recorded our episode.

One of the greatest women’s softball players of all time — Wilkinson was offered a contract with the AAGPBL and turned it down, put off by the homophobic rules and she was attached to her softball team, The Phoenix Ramblers, which she had been playing for since she was a bat girl at the age of 11.

She and her partner, Estelle “Ricki” Caito, met as rival softball players who then became friends and then began dating, in a REAL LIFE ENEMIES-TO-LOVERS trope!!

Dot WIlkinson, perhaps the best women’s softball player of all time. Played for the Phoenix Ramblers for 32 years.

Ricki Caito, second baseman for the Bloomer Girls of the NGBL. She also played softball for the California Orange Lionettes, opposite Dot WIlkinson’s Ramblers

Lorraine Hurdle

February 16, 1922 - January 2014. Hurdle never played for a professional league, but she played softball and baseball when she was part of the Women’s Army Corp, serving in WWII. She joined the military in 1944, moved to California in the 1960s, and had a successful tax advising business with a large group of Black and queer friends. She apparently frequently had crushes on femmes, including a school bus driver named Miss Ruby who called Hurdle “Daddy”. She was a classic old-school butch who liked cars, sports, and gambling.

Hurdle playing pool in her women’s army corps uniform. Lorraine Hurdle papers. Collection Number: 2018-12. GLBT Historical Society

Lorraine Hurdle and Baseball Team. Lorraine Hurdle papers. Collection Number: 2018-12. GLBT Historical Society

If you want to learn more, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Online Articles & Resources:

Books and Print Articles:

  • Pierman, Carol J. “Baseball, Conduct, and True Womanhood”. Women’s Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1/2, Women and Sports (Spring-Summer 2005), pp. 68-85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40005502

  • Cahn, Susan K. “From the ‘Muscle Moll’ to the ‘Butch’ Ballplayer: Mannishness, Lesbianism, and Homophobia in U.S. Women’s Sport.” Feminist Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 343–68. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3178373.  

  • Adams, Natalie, et al. “Tomboys, Dykes, and Girly Girls: Interrogating the Subjectivities of Adolescent Female Athletes.” Women’s Studies Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 1/2, 2005, pp. 17–34. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40005499.

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!

44. Can We Just Title An Episode "Fuck Colonialism"?: Reclaiming Two-Spirit Histories

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For this episode, Leigh is joined by Sam Campbell to discuss the history behind Two Spirit identities. In this episode, they cover the pre-colonial significance of Two-Spirit people to Indigenous communities, how early colonists were able to shape the narrative of what it meant to be Two-Spirit and how that has changed, and last, how colonization has nearly eradicated Two-Spirit histories. How can we uplift these stories to highlight Two-Spirit resilience despite the genocide they faced?

Sam Campbell is a Diné and Yome Two-Spirit individual who has dedicated their time to supporting LGBT2s+ groups. As a board member and former drum keeper for the Bay Area American Indian Two-Spirits (BAAITS), they have helped facilitate community connection and healing. As a two-time TEDx speaker, Sam has worked to highlight the complexity of gender and sexuality as well as bring awareness to the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls movement.

Locate Sam upon the internet:

Sam has also given two TEDx Talks on Indigenous and Two-Spirit history and reclamation:


Firstly, let’s define what we mean by “Two-Spirit”— below is a fantastic video from them.us, featuring Geo Soctomah Neptune (Passamaquoddy), a Two-Spirit activist, model, basket maker, and politician, whom we mentioned in our episode:

Some Historical Images/Illustrations of Two-Spirits:

“Employments of the hermaphrodites”, watercolor by jacques le moyne and then engraving by theodore de bry, 1591. The image depicts Timucuan two-spirt people carrying wounded peopleand the dead on stretchers, showing their roles as caretakers, medicine people, and death workers.

“Dance to the berdash”, 1835-1837, by george catlin. depicting multiple men dancing around a two-spirit person among the sauk and fox

cheyenne he’emane’o in a ledger drawing depicting the victory dance held after Custer's defeat in 1876

Cheyenne hetaneman, 1889. An AFAB two-spirit person in battle, wearing a men’s breechcloth, depicted on a ledger drawing.

a unknown quechan kwe’rhame, c. 1890s — one of the only known photographs of an afab two-spirit person from this era, wearing a men’s breechcloth and bow guards on their wrists.

Some notable Two-Spirit individuals in the historic record, whom we’ll be covering in their own episodes!

Bíawacheeitchish, also kown as Woman Chief or “Pine Leaf”, a Crow warrior

Hosteen Klah (Diné: Hastiin Tłʼa), a Diné nádleehi artist and medicine person

Lozen (1840-1889), Chiricahua Apache warrior woman, prophet, and one of the most trusted member’s of geronimo’s band fighting against colonizers

Osh-Tisch (also spelled Ohchiish), a Crow badé

We’Wha (1849-1896), a Zuni lhamana, fibert artist, weaver, and potter who became a cultural ambassador for the Zuni people and indigenous americans in general

What happened to these histories: The Effects of Colonialism

As soon as European invaders arrived, the oppression of Native peoples in the Americas begun, and violence and anti-indigenous treatment generally went one of two ways — violence and genocide or assimilation.

One of the most infamous events of genocide and hatred against Indigenous Two-Spirit peoples was in 1513, when Spanish colonizer Vasco Nuñez de Balboa had forty two-spirit people that he encountered in Panama put to death by his dogs. The event was depicted in an engraving based on a painting published by Theodore de Bry.

We are choosing not to show this image here, so as not to retraumatize Indigenous folks who may visit this site, but can be viewed by clicking this link if you so choose.

One of the other ways settler colonialism enacted violence upon Indigenous peoples was to work through assimilation and erasure and restriction of their culture — namely through institutions called “residential schools” or “boarding schools”, though they are better described as assimilation camps.

The children in these institutions were subjected to countless types of abuse, from physical, sexual, emotional, to religious. They were given new Anglo-Saxon names, forced to wear western dress and their traditional clothing destroyed, forbidden from speaking their languages or practicing Indigenous customs, and their hair was cut.

Indigenous children at the Carlisle Indian School, an assimilation camp (“Residential/boarding school”), founded in 1879 with the goal of separating children from their families and “killing the indian to save the man”.

A Diné (Navajo Nation) student of carlisle Indian Boarding School in the 1880s, in a “before and after” sequence. The student file lists him as Tom Torlino— his Diné name was Hastiin To'Haali.

Two-Spirit Artists, Activists, and Influences to Follow Today:

Geo Soctomah Neptune (Passamaquoddy), she/they, is a master basket weaver, performer, and model. She became the first openly Two-Spirit person elected to public office in Maine during 2020!

Kairyn Potts (Nakota Sioux), he/him, is a Winkte Two-Spirit Indigenous youth advocate, comedian, and actor. He hosts a Snapchat video series on Indigenous youth culture with Marika Sila called Reclaim(ed). He also has some really hilarious comedy videos on his Instagram and TikTok you should definitely check out.

View this profile on Instagram

Kairyn Potts (@ohkairyn) • Instagram photos and videos

Anachnid (Oji-Cree/Mi’kmaq), she/her, is a Canadian electronic musician based in Montreal and won the Felix Award for Indigenous Artist of the Year at the 43rd Félix Awards in 2021. Her album, Dreamweaver, was released in February 2020

(Note: We mispronounced this artist’s name as Arachnid in the episode, our apologies!)

Bobby Sanchez (Quechua Wari), she/they, is a rapper, poet, and model. Check out her amazing track “Quechua 101 Land Back Please”:

Recommended reading for Two-Spirit poetry and literature:

Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature

Red book cover art for "Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature, depicting an Indigenous woman with a camera

BAAITS Two-Spirit Powwow 2023

The Bay Area American Indian Two Spirits Powwow is coming up on Saturday, February 4 in San Francisco! If you are local to the area, or even just want to check it out virtually via the livestream or some of the events they have going on in the week preceding the event, check it out at www.baaits.org!

If you want to learn more, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Online Articles & Resources:

Books and Print Articles:

  • Fulton, Robert, and Steven W. Anderson. “The Amerindian ‘Man-Woman’: Gender, Liminality, and Cultural Continuity.” Current Anthropology 33, no. 5 (1992): 603–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2743927.

  • Parsons, Elsie Clews. “The Zuñi Ła’mana.” American Anthropologist 18, no. 4 (1916): 521–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/660121.

  • Smithers, Gregory D. “Cherokee ‘Two Spirits’: Gender, Ritual, and Spirituality in the Native South.” Early American Studies 12, no. 3 (2014): 626–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24474873.

  • Dozono, Tadashi. “Teaching Alternative and Indigenous Gender Systems in World History: A Queer Approach.” The History Teacher 50, no. 3 (2017): 425–47. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44507259.

  • Katz, Jonathan Ned. “Native Americans/Gay Americans 1528-1976”, Gay American History: Lesbians & Gay Men in the U.S.A.

  • Kit Heyam. “‘Because of the manifestation of Spirit’: Gender, spirituality and survival in North America and South Asia”, Before We Were Trans

  • Roscoe, Will. Changing Ones: Third & Fourth Genders in Native North America

  • Williams, Walter L. The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture

  • Roscoe, Will (editor). Living the Spirit: A Gay American Indian Anthology

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!

42. Rainbow Rising: Homo-Feels about Homophiles, Part 1

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We return with another episode in your podfeeds today, this time from our long-since visited mini-series, Rainbow Rising! Leigh is joined by guest host Tyler Albertario to talk about pre-Stonewall gay rights and the rise, heydey, and subsequent fall of the Homophile movement and how the fight for gay civil rights evolved into the struggle for queer liberation. In this first episode of a two-parter, Leigh and Tyler discuss the birth of the homophile movement and some of the main players – gay civil rights organizations in 1950s-1960s America who dared to gather together amid communism moral panic, FBI raids, and spurious homomedicalist points of view about queer identity. Scandalous tales found within, including secret identities and anonymous cells, the gaslighting J. Edgar Hoover himself, fake “ancient Greek” lesbian poetry, and more!

Next time, we’ll come back in Part 2 to discuss how all these groups came together at regional and national conferences to organize, including all the juicy drama and disagreements, and the decline of homophile-style organizing post-Stonewall.

Tyler Albertario is an amateur LGBTQ+ historian specializing in the history of organizations integral to the struggle for queer liberation and equality. Since 2019, he has worked as a consultant on projects for a wide range of LGBTQ+ advocacy organizations, educational nonprofits, and content creators.

Locate Tyler upon the internet:

Newspaper headline and article showcasing the atmosphere of panic and fear around the Lavender Scare, connecting queer people to communism and declaring them a national security risk.

Mattachine

Founded initially as the Mattachine Foundation by Harry Hay in 1950, Mattachine was instrumental in kicking off the homophile movement and offering up opportunities for gay men to meet, socialize, and organize.

The Mattachine founders at a 1951 Christmas party (left to right): Paul Bernard, Chuck Rowland, Stan Witt, Rudi Gernreich, Harry Hay, and Dale Jennings

Mattachine took its name from Renaissance French masque groups called sociétés mattachines, who would wear masks and perform public rituals and dances during the Feast of Fools mocking the rulers.

“Feast of Fools” engraving by Pieter Van der Heyden from 1559

May 1959 issue of Mattachine Review

Dr. Evelyn Hooker’s “The adjustment of the male overt homosexual” study was instrumental in starting to dismantle the homo-medicalist theories that gayness was a psychological sickness. At a time when homosexuality was in the DSM as a “sexual deviation” under the umbrella of “sociopathic personality disturbance” disorders, her pioneering study of 30 gay men who were not incarcerated, institutionalized, or under any sort of treatment, was groundbreaking in dispelling myths about the pathology of queer people.


ONE, Inc.

Evolving from the communist-leader purge of the Mattachine Foundation, ONE, Inc. was founded in 1952 in Los Angeles, and the founders featured some of the Fifth Order members of the original Mattachine Foundation, including Harry Hay, Chuck Rowland, and Ken Jennings, but also other pre-homophile activists like W. Dorr Legg and Merton Bird of the Knights of the Clock organization, Tony Reyes, Martin Block, Don Slater, and Jim Kepner.

October 1954 issue of ONE Magazine that was held by the post-office, leading to ONE v Olsen

Jim Kepner and W. Dorr Legg standing outside the ONE, Inc. office, the first public, physical location for a gay organization in the U.S.

Daughters of Bilitis

Early homophile organizing wasn’t just for gay men, though! The Daughters of Bilitis was founded as the first lesbian organization in the U.S., founded by four lesbian couples: Rose Bamberger & Rosemarie Sliepen, Noni Frey and Marcia Foster, a Chicana woman named Mary, and Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin.

Members of the Daughters of Bilitis around 1956, Del Martin on the far left, Phyllis Lyon on the far right

Drawing on the same strategy as Mattachine of using an obscure reference for the title of their organization to avoid scrutiny by authorities, DOB was named so after this 1894 book of poems by Pierre Louÿs, in which he claimed he had translated several Sapphic-style poem fragments written by a contemporary of Sappho, found in a tomb in Cyprus. It’s all BS, but it’s hilarious and wonderful.

Cover image of Pierre Louy’s Songs of Bilitis in the original french

Daughters of Bilitis membership card

Statement of purpose and guiding principles of Daughters of Bilitis, printed inside The Ladder.

First issue of Daughters of Bilitis’ publication, The Ladder, in 1956 — the first nationally-distributed lesbian magazine in the U.S.

October 1957 issue of The Ladder, alluding to the “masked” imagery commonly used among homophile organizations.

Barbara Gittings, president of the New York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis, and editor of The Ladder. She would team up with Frank Kameny of the Mattachine Society of Washington and begin picketing for gay rights — which we’ll discuss in the next episode.

If you want to learn more, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Online Articles & Resources:

Books and Print Articles:

  • Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis by Marcia Gallo

  • The Deviant’s War by Eric Cervini

  • Domenico Rizzo, “Public Spheres and Gay Politics since the Second World War” in Gay Life and Culture: A World History, ed. Robert Aldrich

  • Queer America: A People’s GLBT History of the United States by Vicki L. Eaklor

  • Amanda H. Littauer, "Sexual Minorities at the Apex of Heteronormativity (1940s-1965) in The Routledge History of Queer America, ed. Don Romesburg

  • Gay American History: Lesbians & Gay Men in the U.S.A. by Jonathan Ned Katz

  • “Behind the Mask of Respectability: Reconsidering the Mattachine Society and Male Homophile Practice, 1950s and 1960s” by Martin Meeker; Journal of the History of Sexuality, Jan. 2001, Vol. 10, No 1.

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!

41. Send in the Clowns: Anita Bryant, John Briggs, & the Anti-Gay Christian Right

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For this episode, Leigh is joined once again by guest host Aubree Calvin, for a crossover episode with Southern Queeries talking about the rise of the anti-gay Christian right movement and homophobic legislation that swept the United States in the 1970s with Anita Bryant, Save Our Children, and the Briggs Initiative, whose proponents used “parental rights” language to justify their homophobia, in an eerily similar manner as we are seeing today with anti-LGBTQ and specifically anti-trans legislation and arguments. Listen to this episode to hear the history behind all this, as well as some bits of levity we made sure to put in (listen to Anita Bryant get hit with a pie and learn about the glorious protest tactic of glitterbombing), and hear how the LGBTQ community of yesteryear rose up to fight these counter-movements, and what we can learn from them in today’s fight. 


Then, when you’re finished with this episode, head over to Southern Queeries for the second part of our conversation, talking in depth about the current rash of anti-LGBTQ legislation in the country, our reactions and feelings, and how it’s the same conversation and language as back in 1977 and 1978.

Aubree, or Bree to her friends and enemies alike, is a black, queer trans woman on the edge of turning 40. A southerner for most of her life, Aubree has family roots across the south. She loves studying politics, history, and learning about all aspects of queer culture. Aubree started her podcast, Southern Queeries, because she’s tired of society ignoring the south's diverse communities. Professionally, Aubree is a community college government professor and part time writer. When not talking, teaching, or writing, Aubree’s spending her free time with her wonderful wife and daughter.

Dade County, FL, Anita Bryant, and Save Our Children

In 1977, Dade County, Florida, passed a human-rights ordinance that expanded non-discrimination coverage to sexual orientation, something that was being done throughout the country in several other municipalities as the gay rights movement has begun to make some progress post-Stonewall.

However, the backlash was severe, and was led primarily by Anita Bryant, singer, former Miss America runner-up and brand ambassador for the Florida Citrus Commission, turned anti-gay activist.

Together with her husband, Anita Bryant started the anti-gay organization Save Our Children (From Homosexuality), Inc., and ran a 6 month crusade to repeal the ordinance, ultimately forcing it back onto the ballot once they had collected several thousand signatures, and the ordinance was repealed in the referendum election later that year.

Amid this campaign, lies about queer people recruiting,, being child molesters, and more, were at the center of their campaign tactics.

Following the results in Dade County, several other states rolled back their own protections for queer people, and Anita Bryant traveled the country supporting these campaigns, culminating in Proposition 6, a statewide attempt to repeal a human-rights ordinance in California, spearheaded with Orange County senator John Briggs who had campaigned with Anita Bryant.

LGBTQ Response

The LGBTQ community in Dade County and all across the U.S. fought hard, though, and mobilized throughout the country and galvanized a queer rights movement that had somewhat grown complacent in the years since Stonewall— with Anita Bryant, there was a huge enemy, and one that could be utilized to their advantage.

The tactics of LGBTQ rights organizing drastically changed with the rise of these counter-movements, and a lot of it was focused on education, as well as direct responses and attacks on Anita Bryant and Save Our Children.

And in the case of CA, the grassroots organizing of teachers’ unions, intersectional labor and civil-rights coalitions, Harvey Milk and Sally Gearhart, and more, was enough to defeat Prop 6, the first in this string of legislation that was overturned— marking a turning point and changes in organizing tactics for the queer community and bringing LGBTQ rights to a national level of attention.

Gay bars around florida and the whole country started a boycott of florida orange juice, and refused to serve cocktails made with such, including screwdrivers. they instead began to offer “anita bryant” cocktails, made with vodka and apple juice.

Pins, shirts, and more were made that said “anita bryant sucks”, “fuck anita bryant, etc.

A Dartboard emblazoned with the face of anita bryant. Art and Artifacts Collection, Courtesy of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society

Spectators at the 1977 San Francisco Gay Day Parade, wearing shirts with matching slogan "Stop V.D., FUCK ORANGES”, in reference to anita bryant’s connection with the florida citrus commission. Marie Ueda Collection, COurtesy of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society

Women marching behind a banner saying "Lesbian School Workers," while others carry signs including many which say "NO! on the Briggs Initiative.", Crawford Wayne Barton collection (1993-11), Courtesy of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society

1977 San Francisco Gay Day Parade; a contingent holding signs with pictures of (left to right) Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Anita Bryant, burning crosses, and Idi Amin Dada. Marie Ueda Collection, COurtesy of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society

Anita Bryant’s Pie to the Face

October 14, 1977 – Bryant & her husband were in Des Moines, Iowa for a televised press conference, when gay activist Thom Higgins walked up mid-speech and threw a pie straight in her face. It’s the best thing we’ve ever seen.

We’ll leave you with mention from our Pop-Culture Tie Ins segment anti-Anita Bryant sketch from the Carol Burnett Show:


And also this news segment from 1990, reflecting on the legacy of Anita Bryant, Save Our Children, and the progress of the LGBTQ rights movement:




If you want to learn more, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Online Articles & Resources:

Books and Print Articles:

  • “Working Anita Bryant: The Impact of Christian Anti-Gay Activism on Lesbian and Gay Movement Claims” by Tina Fetner, Social Problems, Vol. 48, No 3 (August 2001)

  • "The Civil Rights of Parents": Race and Conservative Politics in Anita Bryant's Campaign against Gay Rights in 1970s Florida”, Gillian Frank, Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 22, No. 1 (January 2013)

  • Out For Good, by Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney

Primary Source News Articles

  • “Gay Rights Dispute Stops Bryant’s Show”, Jay Clarke, Washington Post, February 25, 1977

  • “Anita Bryant Visit Here Sparks Demonstration”, Phil McCombs and John Feinstein, Washington Post, January 23, 1978

  • “Bryant: Still ‘Effective?’, Washington Post, June 20, 1977

  • “Dade Approves Ordinance Banning Bias against Gays”, Miami Herald, 19 January 1977

  • “Miami Gay Bill Passes as Celebrities Lead Foes”, Gay Community News, 29 January 1977

  • “Gay Law Foes to Plan Vote Drive”, Miami Herald, 26 January 1977

  • “Miami’s Gays Gear Up for Referendum Battle”, Gay Community News, 12 February 1977

  • “Fight Gay Rights,” Miami News, 29 April 1977

  • “Singer Anita Bryant Coming”, Baptist Beacon 25, no. 4 (1977)

  • “The Gay Issue: Whose Rights Prevail?”, Miami Herald, 4 April 1977

  • “Grim Moms March against Gay Law”, Miami Herald, 19 February 1977

  • “Gay-Law Foes Claim 59,918 Back Views”, Miami Herald, 2 March 1977

  • “Dade Man Is Linked to Scout Sex Inquiry”, Miami Herald, 18 May 1977

  • “Taking a Stand on Gay Rights No Easy Task”, Miami Herald, 29 March 1977

  • DCCHR, “Release to All Gay Media Publications”, 3 June 1977

  • Advertisements of Anita Bryant gag gifts– Advocate, 10 August 1977

  • “June, Polls Show Human Rights Election a Virtual Tie – Gay Turnout Crucial,” Alive, 12 June 1977

  • “Dade County, Fla., Repeals Rights Ordinance by 7-to-3 Margin,” Washington Star, 8 June 1977

  • “Dade Gay-Rights Loses, Anita Dances, Calls Result Win ‘for God,’” Miami Herald, 8 June 1977

  • “Florida’s Vote: Hopeful Symptom,” Reno Evening Gazette, 15 June 1977

  • “Wichita Could be Next,” Gay Community News, 31 December 1977

  • “Miami Post Mortem–Lessons from Losing, Four Perspectives of Dade County,” Advocate, 24 August 1977

  • “Gays Lose Battle – Set Out to Win the War,” Alive!, July 1977

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!

38. Trans-sister Radio: Synth Icon Wendy Carlos

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For the first time on the pod we’re covering someone who is still among us: Synth pioneer Wendy Carlos. This computer nerd and classical music enthusiast helped create electronic music the way we know it today. Her friend Robert Moog might be the one whose name is attached to the different kinds of synthesizers, but according to Moog himself Wendy Carlos deserves all the credit. From The Beatles to Donna Summer, from The Shining to Daft Punk— none of them would have sounded the way we know them now. Even classical artists like Bach and Beethoven were completely redefined because of Carlos’ work. Get ready for a deep dive into the achievements of this transistor trans sister!


But first, let me introduce to you our guest host for this episode, Hannah van Rhee!

hannah photo.jpg

Music plays a huge role in queer life. With so many memories, anecdotes and other stories that have songs attached to them, it would be a shame if no one would ever share them. Through the QueerSounds podcast, Hannah van Rhee (they/them) hopes to give queer folks a break from all kinds of activism by creating a space where they can just talk about their favourite songs and have a laugh. From obscure Indonesian movie soundtracks to the biggest pop divas in the world, Hannah and their guests cover it all.

They're born a Pisces and raised in the Netherlands. They're close to getting a bachelor’s degree in journalism with a minor in music marketing and management. Hannah is a stereotypical vegan, yoga-practicing, thrift-shopping brand of queer with some of their favourite types of music being Punk and Disco.

Locate Hannah and QueerSounds upon the internet:

A Closer Look at Wendy Carlos

Robert Moog with his Moog Synthesizer in 1970. Jack Robinson/Getty Images

Robert Moog with his Moog Synthesizer in 1970. Jack Robinson/Getty Images

Wendy in 1972.

Wendy in 1972.

Wendy in 1979 at her Moog synthesizer.

Wendy in 1979 at her Moog synthesizer.

Another 1979 photo. Image from Len Delessio/Corbis/Getty Images

Another 1979 photo. Image from Len Delessio/Corbis/Getty Images

Wendy in her studio in 1992, flanked by her three Siamese cats.

Wendy in her studio in 1992, flanked by her three Siamese cats.

Wendy in her studio in the early 1990s

Wendy in her studio in the early 1990s

Blueprints for Wendy’s studio in her NYC apartment, lovingly nicknamed “The Spaceship” by her and friends.

Blueprints for Wendy’s studio in her NYC apartment, lovingly nicknamed “The Spaceship” by her and friends.

Listen to some of Wendy Carlos’ music!

First up, check out the transition from Beethoven’s original composition “Ode an die Freude/Ode to Joy”:

And below, Wendy’s synthesizer version arranged for Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange in 1971:

And another clip from A Clockwork Orange, this time Beethoven’s Ninth.

Below, the opening sequence to Wendy’s return to Kubrick with The Shining, one of the two tracks produced by Carlos and Elkind that ended up in the final film:

And music from Tron:

Some video interviews featuring Wendy

Before Wendy had come out publicly, here she is demonstrating her Moog in 1970, with the pasted-on sideburns and wig, dressing in drag for this BBC feature.

And here’s another from BBC, this time in 1989

Here’s one with her and Robert Moog!

We’re not usually fans of Amazon around here, but considering you can’t get Wendy’s music anywhere online other than the few bits we linked to above, they will be the best resource for purchasing her albums! You can check them all out here.

If you want to learn more about Wendy Carlos, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Books and Print Articles:

Online Articles/Resources:

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!

36 & 37. The Life of Pauli Murray

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For this two-part episode, Leigh is joined by return guest host, Aubree Calvin to do a deep dive into the story of Pauli Murray, an important African American lawyer, and activist who is finally getting the historical attention they deserve. In their time, Murray was a labor rights, civil rights, and women’s rights activist, and broke significant barriers all while facing sexism and racism. In addition to having a brilliant legal mind, they were a writer, poet, and priest, and had time to be friends with Eleanor Roosevelt. Pauli Murray should be in every U.S. History book in every K-12 school.

So, if Pauli Murray was so important to so many movements, why has history largely forgotten them? Leigh and Aubree try to answer that across two episodes — the first, looking at their upbringing, many careers, and accomplishments, then in part two, discussing their multfaceted queerness and try to get a handle, as best we can, on their gender identity.

Aubree, or Bree to her friends and enemies alike, is a black, queer trans woman on the edge of turning 40. A southerner for most of her life, Aubree has family roots across the south. She loves studying politics, history, and learning about all aspects of queer culture. Aubree started her podcast, Southern Queeries, because she’s tired of society ignoring the south's diverse communities. Professionally, Aubree is a community college government professor and part time writer. When not talking, teaching, or writing, Aubree’s spending her free time with her wonderful wife and daughter.

We also got the opportunity to speak with amazing activist, lawyer, and reproductive justice advocate Preston Mitchum, previously Policy Director at URGE (Unite for Reproductive and Gender Equity) and current Director of Advocacy and Government Affairs at The Trevor Project, on his own personal history coming to Pauli Murray’s story, how they influenced him as a Black queer man, and continues to inspire and influence current and future generations of queer civil rights attorneys all across the country.

Preston Mitchum is a Black and queer civil rights advocate, writer and public speaker who uses critical thinking and intersectionality in his writing and analyses. In his role as Policy Director at URGE: Unite for Reproductive & Gender Equity, he shaped state and federal strategies and policies that center the voices and leadership of young people in the South and Midwest. Prior to joining URGE, Preston served as senior legal and international policy analyst with Advocates for Youth. Preston is also an Adjunct Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center teaching LGBTQ Health Law and Policy, is the co-chair of the board of directors for the Collective Action for Safe Spaces and was also the first openly LGBTQ chair of the Washington Bar Association Young Lawyers Division.

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Preston can be found online at:

A Closer Look at Pauli Murray

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Pauli presenting their family biography, Proud Shoes, presents the first edition of their book to Lloyd K. Garrison, former president of the National Urban League.

Pauli presenting their family biography, Proud Shoes, presents the first edition of their book to Lloyd K. Garrison, former president of the National Urban League.

Pauli in Ghana, where they taught law briefly in the 1960s.

Pauli in Ghana, where they taught law briefly in the 1960s.

Pauli after earning their JSD from Yale in 1965.

Pauli after earning their JSD from Yale in 1965.

Pauli with Betty Friedan and others who would be influential in founding NOW

Pauli with Betty Friedan and others who would be influential in founding NOW

A Little Glimpse into Pauli’s Gender Journey

“Why do I prefer experimentation on the male side, instead of attempted adjustment as a normal woman?”

Pauli’s various “identities” they tried out and modeled in a 1930s photo album they titled “The Life and Times of an American Called Pauli Murray”:

Pauli in New Hampshire, Nov 1955. They sent this photo to Eleanor Roosevelt, describing it as “It’s my most natural self, I think”. Source: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library

Pauli in New Hampshire, Nov 1955. They sent this photo to Eleanor Roosevelt, describing it as “It’s my most natural self, I think”. Source: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library

Some of Pauli’s Loves

Pauli’s longtime partner Irene “Renee” Barlow

Pauli’s longtime partner Irene “Renee” Barlow

Pauli with their girlfriend Peggy Holmes, who they met at the New Deal Women’s Camp. LOOK HOW CUTE THIS IS!

Pauli with their girlfriend Peggy Holmes, who they met at the New Deal Women’s Camp. LOOK HOW CUTE THIS IS!

Pauli with their dog, Doc, at Benedict College, SC in 1967.

Pauli with their dog, Doc, at Benedict College, SC in 1967.

Pauli with another of their dogs, Roy, in 1976

Pauli with another of their dogs, Roy, in 1976

Pauli with their BFF for life, Eleanor Roosevelt, in 1962 on a trip to Val-Kill Cottage, Hyde Park.

Pauli with their BFF for life, Eleanor Roosevelt, in 1962 on a trip to Val-Kill Cottage, Hyde Park.

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Pauli, The Reverend and Poet

Pauli in their Virginia apartment, 1977, after becoming a reverend.

Pauli in their Virginia apartment, 1977, after becoming a reverend.

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Pauli’s portrait at Yale Law, unveiled in November 2018.

Pauli’s portrait at Yale Law, unveiled in November 2018.

Listen to Pauli read the entirety of Dark Testament:

Pauli reading from their epic poem, “Dark Testament”

Pauli reading from their epic poem, “Dark Testament”

“Rediscovering Pauli Murray”, a panel discussion from 2017 at the Radcliffe Institute at Harvard, featuring panelists Patricia Bell-Scott, Brittney Cooper, Rosalind Rosenberg, and Kenneth W. Mack.

If you liked hearing our episode on Pauli, you might also you might also enjoy these Pop-Culture Tie-Ins:

If you want to learn more about Pauli Murray, the 14th Amendment, and more, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Online Articles & Resources:

Books and Print Articles:

  • Proud Shoes: The Story of an American Family by Pauli Murray

  • Song in a Weary Throat: Memoir of an American Pilgrimage by Pauli Murray

  • Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray by Rosalind Rosenberg

  • Dark Testament: and Other Poems by Pauli Murray

  • The Firebrand and the First Lady: Portrait of a Friendship by Patricia Bell-Scott

  • “Poetry, Ethics, and the Legacy of Pauli Murray” by Christiana Z. Peppard in Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Spring/Summer 2010).

  • “Boy-girl, Imp, Priest: Pauli Murray and the Limits of Identity” by Doreen M. Drury in Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Spring 2013).

Films/Audio:

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!

35. Claim to Flame: Edmonia "Wildfire" Lewis and her Harem Scarem

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In this episode of History is Gay Leigh and guest host Amanda Helton discuss Mary Edmonia “Wildfire” Lewis, the first internationally recognized African American and indigenous artist in the United States. Join us while we ponder how exactly a literal 2-ton sculpture goes missing, discuss the merits of 1800s lesbian ndrama, and did you know that blister beetles have been used as aphrodisiacs for centuries? Yeah... neither did we….

Our wonderful returning guest host for this episode is our fantastic friend and Amanda Helton!

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You can find more from Amanda on Instagram at @oryxbesia and at www.amandahelton.com!

Amanda Helton is a museum professional working in Silicon Valley, focusing on digital strategy and museum technology. She is originally from Sevier County, Tennessee (birthplace of Dolly Parton), and HAS MET HER a few times! Amanda holds a Masters Degree in Art History (with a concentration in Museum Training) from the George Washington University in Washington, DC. She is passionate about connecting the history of art and technology to the present day. Amanda is a sunscreen evangelist, friend to every dog, and co-runs a Xena re-watch group with Leigh!

You can also hear Amanda in our episode on Michelangelo!

A Closer Look at Edmonia Lewis and the White Marmorean Flock

Portraits of Edmonia

Perhaps the most well-known Edmonia portrait, by Henry Rocher, c 1870

Perhaps the most well-known Edmonia portrait, by Henry Rocher, c 1870

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Some of Edmonia Lewis’ most prolific works:

Edmonia Lewis, The Death of Cleopatra, carved 1876, marble, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of the Historical Society of Forest Park, Illinois, 1994.17

Edmonia Lewis, The Death of Cleopatra, carved 1876, marble, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of the Historical Society of Forest Park, Illinois, 1994.17

The Death of Cleopatra detail. Notice the somewhat anguished look on the subject’s face, and the tension in the body at the moment of death depicted.

The Death of Cleopatra detail. Notice the somewhat anguished look on the subject’s face, and the tension in the body at the moment of death depicted.

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"Forever Free," Edmonia Lewis, marble, 1867. The Howard University Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Bust of Col. Robert Gould Shaw, leader of the all-Black 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War. Edmonia sold 100 plaster copies of this bust during a Soldier’s Relief Fair in Boston, which financed her move to I…

Bust of Col. Robert Gould Shaw, leader of the all-Black 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War. Edmonia sold 100 plaster copies of this bust during a Soldier’s Relief Fair in Boston, which financed her move to Italy.

In 1870, Dr. Harriot K. Hunt, Boston’s first woman physician, commissioned Edmonia to create a statue of Hygeia, the Greek goddess of health and hygiene, to be erected on her family lot in Mount Auburn Cemetery.

In 1870, Dr. Harriot K. Hunt, Boston’s first woman physician, commissioned Edmonia to create a statue of Hygeia, the Greek goddess of health and hygiene, to be erected on her family lot in Mount Auburn Cemetery.

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She carved the above sculpture for her patron, Anna Quincy Waterston, in 1866, who was one of the first patrons to help raise funds for Edmonia to sculpt in Rome. Waterston wrote a poem after Edmonia in 1864, describing her skill:

Tis fitting that a daughter of the race
Whose chains are breaking should receive a gift
So rare as genius. Neither power nor place,
Fashion or wealth, pride, custom, caste nor hue
Can arrogantly claim what God doth lift
Above these chances, and bestows on few.

Edmonia Lewis, Old Arrow Maker, modeled 1866, carved 1872, marble, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Norman Robbins, 1983.95.179

Edmonia Lewis, Old Arrow Maker, modeled 1866, carved 1872, marble, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Norman Robbins, 1983.95.179

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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s The Song of Hiawatha was extremely popular during this time, and so here you can see Lewis’ depiction of the two main characters, Hiawatha and Minnehaha.

Later in life, once slavery was abolished in the United States, Edmonia turned much of her sculpture to religious subjects, appealing to Roman Catholic patrons in Italy. Guess who made a horny Moses after Michelangelo’s iconic sculpture. SO. GAY.

Later in life, once slavery was abolished in the United States, Edmonia turned much of her sculpture to religious subjects, appealing to Roman Catholic patrons in Italy. Guess who made a horny Moses after Michelangelo’s iconic sculpture. SO. GAY.

Legacy

For many years after her death, Edmonia Lewis’ life and work sunk into relative obscurity, but in recent years, since the 1980s, she has been brought back into the limelight, due to research from some dedicated scholars such as Marilyn Richardson, who had found Lewis’ unmarked gravesite:

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And below, is what the gravesite looks like now, cleaned up and bestowed with a proper plaque, thanks to a 2017 GoFundMe campaign.

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In February 2017 for Black History Month, Google even included her as a Google Doodle on the first day of the month!

In February 2017 for Black History Month, Google even included her as a Google Doodle on the first day of the month!

The White Marmorean Flock, with whom Edmonia Flew!

First up, Charlotte Cushman, aka the Natalie Clifford Barney of 1800s Rome:

Charlotte Cushman, portrait by William Page 1853

Charlotte Cushman, portrait by William Page 1853

Charlotte Cushman as Romeo, one of her most popular “breeches” roles— reviewers said she was more adept at playing a man onstage than she was playing a woman in real life.

Charlotte Cushman as Romeo, one of her most popular “breeches” roles— reviewers said she was more adept at playing a man onstage than she was playing a woman in real life.

Charlotte Cushman and flame, Matilda Hays, who would go on to have an affair with Harriet Hosmer!

Charlotte Cushman and flame, Matilda Hays, who would go on to have an affair with Harriet Hosmer!

And here we have Charlotte with yet another flame, another sculptor of the flock, Emma Stebbins (who she uh….cheated on Matilda Hays with so…whoops).

And here we have Charlotte with yet another flame, another sculptor of the flock, Emma Stebbins (who she uh….cheated on Matilda Hays with so…whoops).

Harriet Goodhue Hosmer, butch queen of our hearts:

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Look at this dapper motherfucker! Engraving of Harriet Hosmer by Augustus Robin (1873)

Look at this dapper motherfucker! Engraving of Harriet Hosmer by Augustus Robin (1873)

This is a Look we are here for.

This is a Look we are here for.


If you want to learn more about Edmonia Lewis and the other folks covered in this episode, check out our full list of sources and further reading below!

Online Articles & Resources:

Books and Print Articles:

  • Buick, Kirsten. Child of the Fire: Mary Edmonia Lewis and the Problem of Art History’s Black and Indian Subject

  • Nelson, Charmaine A. The Color of Stone: Sculpting the Black Female Subject in Nineteenth-Century America. University of Minnesota Press, 2007.

  • "Black Lesbian Bibliography." Off Our Backs 9, no. 6 (1979): 25.

  • GOLD, SUSANNA W. "THE DEATH OF CLEOPATRA /THE BIRTH OF FREEDOM: EDMONIA LEWIS AT THE NEW WORLD'S FAIR." Biography 35, no. 2 (2012): 318-41.

  • A History of African American Artists: From 1792 to the Present

  • Bost, Suzanne. "Fluidity without Postmodernism: Michelle Cliff and the "Tragic Mulatta" Tradition." African American Review 32, no. 4 (1998): 673-89.

  • Buick, Kirsten P. "The Ideal Works of Edmonia Lewis: Invoking and Inverting Autobiography." American Art 9, no. 2 (1995): 5-19.

  • Blodgett, Geoffrey. "John Mercer Langston and the Case of Edmonia Lewis: Oberlin, 1862." The Journal of Negro History 53, no. 3 (1968): 201-18. Accessed December 15, 2020.

  • Darcy, Cornelius P. "Edmonia Lewis Arrives in Rome." Negro History Bulletin 40, no. 2 (1977): 688-89. Accessed December 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44176717.

  • Holland, Juanita Marie. "Mary Edmonia Lewis's "Minnehaha": Gender, Race, and the "Indian Maid"." Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 69, no. 1/2 (1995): 26-35. Accessed December 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41504904.

  • "Lost and Found: The Strange Case of the Resurrection of Edmonia Lewis' "The Death of Cleopatra"." The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 13 (1996): 32-33. Accessed December 15, 2020. doi:10.2307/2963152.

  • Buick, Kirsten Pai. "A QUESTION OF "LIKENESS": EDMONIA LEWIS'S "THE DEATH OF CLEOPATRA"." Source: Notes in the History of Art 24, no. 4 (2005): 3-12. Accessed December 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23207945.

  • Woods, Naurice Frank. "An African Queen at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition 1876: Edmonia Lewis's "The Death of Cleopatra"." Meridians 9, no. 1 (2009): 62-82. Accessed December 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40338768.

  • Harrison, Bonnie Claudia. "Diasporadas: Black Women and the Fine Art of Activism." Meridians 2, no. 2 (2002): 163-84. Accessed December 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40338514.

  • Tolles, Thayer. "American Women Sculptors". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/scul/hd_scul.htm (August 2010)

  • Conner, Janis, and Joel Rosenkranz. Rediscoveries in American Sculpture: Studio Works, 1893–1939. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.

  • Hill, May Brawley. The Woman Sculptor: Malvina Hoffman and Her Contemporaries. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Berry-Hill Galleries, 1984.

  • Rubinstein, Charlotte Streifer. American Women Sculptors: A History of Women Working in Three Dimensions. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990.

  • Tolles, Thayer, ed. American Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2 vols. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999–2001.

  • Thorp, Margaret Farrand. “The White, Marmorean Flock.” The New England Quarterly.

    Vol. 32, No. 2 (Jun., 1959), pp. 147-169

  • Romare Bearden & Henderson, Harry. "A History of African-American Artists (From 1792 to the Present)", Pantheon Books (Random House), 1993. ISBN 0-394-57016-2, 704.0396 B368h 1993

Until next time, stay queer and stay curious!